Interpreters and Translators
27-3091.00
Updated 2025

Interpret oral or sign language, or translate written text from one language into another.

Sample of reported job titles: American Sign Language Interpreter (ASL Interpreter), Court Interpreter, Educational Interpreter, Interpreter, Linguist, Medical Interpreter, Sign Language Interpreter, Spanish Interpreter, Spanish Translator, Translator

Occupation-Specific Information

Tasks Save Table: XLSX CSV

ImportanceCategoryTask
97
 
Core
Follow ethical codes that protect the confidentiality of information.
93
 
Core
Translate messages simultaneously or consecutively into specified languages, orally or by using hand signs, maintaining message content, context, and style as much as possible.
87
 
Core
Listen to speakers' statements to determine meanings and to prepare translations, using electronic listening systems as necessary.
86
 
Core
Compile terminology and information to be used in translations, including technical terms such as those for legal or medical material.
85
 
Core
Refer to reference materials, such as dictionaries, lexicons, encyclopedias, and computerized terminology banks, as needed to ensure translation accuracy.
84
 
Core
Check translations of technical terms and terminology to ensure that they are accurate and remain consistent throughout translation revisions.
83
 
Core
Identify and resolve conflicts related to the meanings of words, concepts, practices, or behaviors.
81
 
Core
Compile information on content and context of information to be translated and on intended audience.
86
 
Supplemental
Adapt translations to students' cognitive and grade levels, collaborating with educational team members as necessary.
83
 
Supplemental
Check original texts or confer with authors to ensure that translations retain the content, meaning, and feeling of the original material.
81
 
Supplemental
Adapt software and accompanying technical documents to another language and culture.
74
 
Supplemental
Educate students, parents, staff, and teachers about the roles and functions of educational interpreters.
73
 
Supplemental
Proofread, edit, and revise translated materials.
70
 
Supplemental
Train and supervise other translators or interpreters.
68
 
Supplemental
Read written materials, such as legal documents, scientific works, or news reports, and rewrite material into specified languages.
63
 
Supplemental
Travel with or guide tourists who speak another language.
63
 
Supplemental
Discuss translation requirements with clients and determine any fees to be charged for services provided.
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Technology Skills Save Table: XLSX CSV

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In demand
In Demand skills are frequently included in employer job postings for this occupation.

Occupational Requirements

Work Activities Save Table: XLSX CSV

ImportanceWork Activity
93
 
Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
81
 
Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
79
 
Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
78
 
Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
77
 
Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
76
 
Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
74
 
Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
70
 
Documenting/Recording Information — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
69
 
Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
68
 
Communicating with People Outside the Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
67
 
Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
65
 
Monitoring Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
64
 
Thinking Creatively — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
63
 
Training and Teaching Others — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
62
 
Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
58
 
Analyzing Data or Information — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
57
 
Developing and Building Teams — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
57
 
Working with Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
53
 
Assisting and Caring for Others — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
51
 
Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
48
 
Coaching and Developing Others — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
48
 
Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
48
 
Scheduling Work and Activities — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
47
 
Judging the Qualities of Objects, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
46
 
Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
46
 
Developing Objectives and Strategies — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
45
 
Performing Administrative Activities — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
42
 
Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
42
 
Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Materials — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
41
 
Providing Consultation and Advice to Others — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
38
 
Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
38
 
Performing General Physical Activities — Performing general physical activities includes doing activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling materials.
30
 
Monitoring and Controlling Resources — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
28
 
Staffing Organizational Units — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
20
 
Controlling Machines and Processes — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
20
 
Selling or Influencing Others — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
18
 
Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or watercraft.
17
 
Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
15
 
Handling and Moving Objects — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
11
 
Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
6
 
Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.

Detailed Work Activities Save Table: XLSX CSV

Work Context Save Table: XLSX CSV

  • Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — How important is being very exact or highly accurate in performing this job?
    • 92%
      92%
       
      Extremely important
  • Work With or Contribute to a Work Group or Team — How important is it to work with or contribute to a work group or team in this job?
    • 88%
      88%
       
      Extremely important
  • Face-to-Face Discussions with Individuals and Within Teams — How frequently does your job require face-to-face discussions with individuals and within teams?
    • 80%
      80%
       
      Every day
    • 15%
      15%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
  • Contact With Others — How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) in order to perform it?
    • 71%
      71%
       
      Constant contact with others
    • 18%
      18%
       
      Contact with others most of the time
  • E-Mail — How frequently does your job require you to use E-mail?
    • 74%
      74%
       
      Every day
    • 15%
      15%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
  • Frequency of Decision Making — How often is the worker required to make decisions that affect other people, the financial resources, and/or the image and reputation of the organization?
    • 64%
      64%
       
      Every day
    • 32%
      32%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
  • Importance of Repeating Same Tasks — How important are continuous, repetitive, physical activities (like key entry) or mental activities (like checking entries in a ledger) to performing this job?
    • 55%
      55%
       
      Extremely important
    • 37%
      37%
       
      Very important
  • Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — What results do your decisions usually have on other people or the image or reputation or financial resources of your employer?
    • 42%
      42%
       
      Very important results
    • 43%
      43%
       
      Important results
  • Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in an environmentally controlled environment (like a warehouse with air conditioning)?
    • 72%
      72%
       
      Every day
    • 20%
      20%
       
      Never
  • Freedom to Make Decisions — How much decision making freedom, without supervision, does the job offer?
    • 32%
      32%
       
      A lot of freedom
    • 56%
      56%
       
      Some freedom
  • Time Pressure — How often does this job require the worker to meet strict deadlines?
    • 72%
      72%
       
      Every day
    • 11%
      11%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 16%
      16%
       
      Never
  • Level of Competition — To what extent does this job require the worker to compete or to be aware of competitive pressures?
    • 35%
      35%
       
      Extremely competitive
    • 30%
      30%
       
      Highly competitive
    • 24%
      24%
       
      Moderately competitive
    • 11%
      11%
       
      Slightly competitive
  • Telephone Conversations — How often do you have telephone conversations in this job?
    • 33%
      33%
       
      Every day
    • 24%
      24%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 24%
      24%
       
      Once a month or more but not every week
    • 13%
      13%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
  • Spend Time Sitting — How much does this job require sitting?
    • 39%
      39%
       
      Continually or almost continually
    • 21%
      21%
       
      More than half the time
    • 28%
      28%
       
      Less than half the time
  • Consequence of Error — How serious would the result usually be if the worker made a mistake that was not easily correctable?
    • 51%
      51%
       
      Extremely serious
    • 36%
      36%
       
      Fairly serious
  • Physical Proximity — To what extent does this job require the worker to perform job tasks physically close to other people?
    • 58%
      58%
       
      Moderately close (at arm's length)
    • 16%
      16%
       
      Slightly close (e.g., shared office)
    • 19%
      19%
       
      I work with others but not closely (e.g., private office)
  • Determine Tasks, Priorities and Goals — How much freedom does the worker have in determining the tasks, priorities, or goals of the job?
    • 19%
      19%
       
      A lot of freedom
    • 37%
      37%
       
      Some freedom
    • 18%
      18%
       
      Limited freedom
    • 20%
      20%
       
      Very little freedom
  • Work Outcomes and Results of Other Workers — How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers?
    • 13%
      13%
       
      Very high responsibility
    • 46%
      46%
       
      High responsibility
    • 20%
      20%
       
      Limited responsibility
    • 12%
      12%
       
      No responsibility
  • Dealing With Unpleasant, Angry, or Discourteous People — How frequently does the worker have to deal with unpleasant, angry, or discourteous individuals as part of the job requirements?
    • 29%
      29%
       
      Every day
    • 12%
      12%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 16%
      16%
       
      Once a month or more but not every week
    • 32%
      32%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
  • Coordinate or Lead Others in Accomplishing Work Activities — How important is it to coordinate or lead others (not as a supervisor or team leader) in accomplishing work activities in this job?
    • 27%
      27%
       
      Extremely important
    • 15%
      15%
       
      Very important
    • 30%
      30%
       
      Important
    • 26%
      26%
       
      Not important at all
  • Conflict Situations — How frequently are there conflict situations the employee has to face in this job?
    • 22%
      22%
       
      Every day
    • 18%
      18%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 36%
      36%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 17%
      17%
       
      Never
  • Deal With External Customers or the Public in General — How important is it to deal with external customers (as in retail sales) or the public in general (as in police work) in this job?
    • 23%
      23%
       
      Extremely important
    • 27%
      27%
       
      Important
    • 24%
      24%
       
      Fairly important
    • 19%
      19%
       
      Not important at all
  • Exposed to Disease or Infections — How often does this job require exposure to disease/infections?
    • 22%
      22%
       
      Every day
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 25%
      25%
       
      Once a month or more but not every week
    • 34%
      34%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Sounds, Noise Levels that are Distracting or Uncomfortable — How often does this job require working exposed to sounds and noise levels that are distracting or uncomfortable?
    • 19%
      19%
       
      Every day
    • 23%
      23%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 30%
      30%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 27%
      27%
       
      Never
  • Public Speaking — How frequently does your job require public speaking (one speaker with an audience)?
    • 33%
      33%
       
      Every day
    • 32%
      32%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 31%
      31%
       
      Never
  • Written Letters and Memos — How frequently does your job require written letters and memos?
    • 29%
      29%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 37%
      37%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 17%
      17%
       
      Never
  • Spend Time Standing — How much does this job require standing?
    • 28%
      28%
       
      More than half the time
    • 53%
      53%
       
      Less than half the time
  • Duration of Typical Work Week — Number of hours typically worked in one week.
    • 26%
      26%
       
      More than 40 hours
    • 29%
      29%
       
      40 hours
    • 45%
      45%
       
      Less than 40 hours
  • Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions — How much does this job require making repetitive motions?
    • 36%
      36%
       
      Continually or almost continually
    • 55%
      55%
       
      Never
  • Spend Time Walking or Running — How much does this job require walking or running?
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Continually or almost continually
    • 14%
      14%
       
      More than half the time
    • 21%
      21%
       
      About half the time
    • 24%
      24%
       
      Less than half the time
    • 27%
      27%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Contaminants — How often does this job require working exposed to contaminants (such as pollutants, gases, dust or odors)?
    • 19%
      19%
       
      Every day
    • 25%
      25%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 54%
      54%
       
      Never
  • Health and Safety of Other Workers — How much responsibility is there for the health and safety of others in this job?
    • 31%
      31%
       
      Moderate responsibility
    • 20%
      20%
       
      Limited responsibility
    • 46%
      46%
       
      No responsibility
  • Outdoors, Exposed to All Weather Conditions — How often does this job require working outdoors, exposed to all weather conditions?
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Every day
    • 22%
      22%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 57%
      57%
       
      Never
  • Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — How often does this job require wearing common protective or safety equipment such as safety shoes, glasses, gloves, hearing protection, hard hats or life-jackets?
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 33%
      33%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 47%
      47%
       
      Never
  • Dealing with Violent or Physically Aggressive People — How frequently does this job require the worker to deal with physical aggression of violent individuals?
    • 17%
      17%
       
      Once a month or more but not every week
    • 24%
      24%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 52%
      52%
       
      Never
  • Degree of Automation — How automated is the job?
    • 19%
      19%
       
      Moderately automated
    • 35%
      35%
       
      Slightly automated
    • 43%
      43%
       
      Not at all automated
  • Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection — How often does this job require wearing specialized protective or safety equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness, full protection suits, or radiation protection?
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 25%
      25%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 61%
      61%
       
      Never
  • Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment — How important is it to this job that the pace is determined by the speed of equipment or machinery? (This does not refer to keeping busy at all times on this job.)
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Important
    • 76%
      76%
       
      Not important at all
  • Work Schedules — How regular are the work schedules for this job?
    • 30%
      30%
       
      Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)
    • 70%
      70%
       
      Regular (established routine, set schedule)
  • Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — How much does this job require using your hands to handle, control, or feel objects, tools or controls?
    • 80%
      80%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions — How often does this job require working in cramped work spaces that requires getting into awkward positions?
    • 17%
      17%
       
      Once a month or more but not every week
    • 19%
      19%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 64%
      64%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting Conditions — How often does this job require working in extremely bright or inadequate lighting conditions?
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Once a month or more but not every week
    • 16%
      16%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 68%
      68%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Radiation — How often does this job require exposure to radiation?
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Once a week or more but not every day
    • 81%
      81%
       
      Never
  • In an Enclosed Vehicle or Operate Enclosed Equipment — How often does this job require working in a closed vehicle or operate enclosed equipment (like a car)?
    • 12%
      12%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 77%
      77%
       
      Never
  • Spend Time Bending or Twisting Your Body — How much does this job require bending or twisting your body?
    • 38%
      38%
       
      Less than half the time
    • 60%
      60%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Hazardous Conditions — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous conditions?
    • 14%
      14%
       
      Once a month or more but not every week
    • 84%
      84%
       
      Never
  • Outdoors, Under Cover — How often does this job require working outdoors, under cover (like in an open shed)?
    • 22%
      22%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 71%
      71%
       
      Never
  • Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working in an environment that is not environmentally controlled (like a warehouse without air conditioning)?
    • 30%
      30%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 70%
      70%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Very Hot or Cold Temperatures — How often does this job require working in very hot (above 90 F degrees) or very cold (below 32 F degrees) temperatures?
    • 21%
      21%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 79%
      79%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings — How often does this job require exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites, or stings?
    • 15%
      15%
       
      Once a year or more but not every month
    • 85%
      85%
       
      Never
  • Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance — How much does this job require keeping or regaining your balance?
    • 16%
      16%
       
      Less than half the time
    • 84%
      84%
       
      Never
  • Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling — How much does this job require kneeling, crouching, stooping or crawling?
    • 13%
      13%
       
      Less than half the time
    • 87%
      87%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous equipment?
    • 99%
      99%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to High Places — How often does this job require exposure to high places?
    • 98%
      98%
       
      Never
  • Exposed to Whole Body Vibration — How often does this job require exposure to whole body vibration (like operating a jackhammer or earth moving equipment)?
    • 100%
      100%
       
      Never
  • In an Open Vehicle or Operating Equipment — How often does this job require working in an open vehicle or operating equipment (like a tractor)?
    • 100%
      100%
       
      Never
  • Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles — How much does this job require climbing ladders, scaffolds, poles, etc.?
    • 100%
      100%
       
      Never

Experience Requirements

Job Zone Save Table: XLSX CSV

Title
Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed
Education
Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.
Related Experience
A considerable amount of work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is needed for these occupations. For example, an accountant must complete four years of college and work for several years in accounting to be considered qualified.
Job Training
Employees in these occupations usually need several years of work-related experience, on-the-job training, and/or vocational training.
Job Zone Examples
Many of these occupations involve coordinating, supervising, managing, or training others. Examples include real estate brokers, sales managers, database administrators, graphic designers, conservation scientists, art directors, and cost estimators.
SVP Range
(7.0 to < 8.0)

Training & Credentials

State training
Local training
Certifications
Find certifications nationwide
State licenses

Apprenticeship Opportunities

Example apprenticeship titles for this occupation:

  • Interpreters and Translators

Specific title(s) listed above are vetted by industry and approved by the U.S. Department of Labor for use in a Registered Apprenticeship Program.

Start your career and build your skillset. Visit Apprenticeship.gov to learn about opportunities related to this occupation.

Worker Requirements

Skills Save Table: XLSX CSV

ImportanceSkill
78
 
Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
75
 
Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
72
 
Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work-related documents.
69
 
Writing — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
66
 
Critical Thinking — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions, or approaches to problems.
66
 
Monitoring — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
53
 
Active Learning — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
53
 
Judgment and Decision Making — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
53
 
Service Orientation — Actively looking for ways to help people.
53
 
Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
50
 
Complex Problem Solving — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
50
 
Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
50
 
Instructing — Teaching others how to do something.
50
 
Learning Strategies — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
50
 
Time Management — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
47
 
Persuasion — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
44
 
Management of Personnel Resources — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
35
 
Negotiation — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
28
 
Systems Analysis — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
28
 
Systems Evaluation — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
25
 
Mathematics — Using mathematics to solve problems.
25
 
Operations Monitoring — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
25
 
Quality Control Analysis — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
22
 
Technology Design — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
16
 
Operations Analysis — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
6
 
Management of Financial Resources — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
6
 
Management of Material Resources — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
6
 
Troubleshooting — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.
3
 
Programming — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
3
 
Science — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
0
 
Equipment Maintenance — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
0
 
Equipment Selection — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
0
 
Installation — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
0
 
Operation and Control — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
0
 
Repairing — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.

Knowledge Save Table: XLSX CSV

ImportanceKnowledge
92
 
English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, and rules of composition and grammar.
78
 
Foreign Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
72
 
Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
60
 
Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
56
 
Administrative — Knowledge of administrative and office procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and workplace terminology.
52
 
Public Safety and Security — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
51
 
Law and Government — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
48
 
Computers and Electronics — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
39
 
Communications and Media — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
38
 
Psychology — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
37
 
Sociology and Anthropology — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures, and their history and origins.
35
 
Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
34
 
Mathematics — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
31
 
Medicine and Dentistry — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
30
 
Geography — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
28
 
Personnel and Human Resources — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
27
 
Telecommunications — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
26
 
Biology — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
22
 
Therapy and Counseling — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.
20
 
Transportation — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
19
 
History and Archeology — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
19
 
Production and Processing — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
17
 
Economics and Accounting — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking, and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
17
 
Philosophy and Theology — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
13
 
Sales and Marketing — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
11
 
Chemistry — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
10
 
Design — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
9
 
Engineering and Technology — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
8
 
Physics — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub-atomic structures and processes.
6
 
Fine Arts — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
6
 
Mechanical — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
5
 
Building and Construction — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
3
 
Food Production — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Education

How much education does a new hire need to perform a job in this occupation? Respondents said:

  • 55%
     
    Bachelor’s degree required
  • 28%
     
    Master’s degree required
  • 8%
     
    High school diploma or equivalent required

Worker Characteristics

Abilities Save Table: XLSX CSV

ImportanceAbility
81
 
Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
78
 
Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
75
 
Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
75
 
Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
72
 
Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
72
 
Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
69
 
Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
66
 
Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
66
 
Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing that there is a problem.
53
 
Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
53
 
Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
50
 
Auditory Attention — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
50
 
Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
50
 
Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
50
 
Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
50
 
Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
50
 
Speed of Closure — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
50
 
Time Sharing — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
47
 
Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance.
47
 
Flexibility of Closure — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
47
 
Hearing Sensitivity — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
47
 
Memorization — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
47
 
Perceptual Speed — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
44
 
Visualization — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
31
 
Finger Dexterity — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
25
 
Mathematical Reasoning — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
25
 
Number Facility — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
25
 
Trunk Strength — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without "giving out" or fatiguing.
25
 
Visual Color Discrimination — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
22
 
Gross Body Coordination — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
22
 
Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
22
 
Stamina — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
19
 
Arm-Hand Steadiness — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
13
 
Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
13
 
Manual Dexterity — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
10
 
Dynamic Strength — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
10
 
Explosive Strength — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
10
 
Extent Flexibility — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
10
 
Gross Body Equilibrium — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
10
 
Static Strength — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.
6
 
Wrist-Finger Speed — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
3
 
Response Orientation — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
3
 
Speed of Limb Movement — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
0
 
Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
0
 
Dynamic Flexibility — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
0
 
Glare Sensitivity — The ability to see objects in the presence of a glare or bright lighting.
0
 
Night Vision — The ability to see under low-light conditions.
0
 
Peripheral Vision — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
0
 
Rate Control — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
0
 
Reaction Time — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
0
 
Sound Localization — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
0
 
Spatial Orientation — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.

Interests Save Table: XLSX CSV

Occupational InterestInterest
61
 
Conventional — Work involves following procedures and regulations to organize information or data, typically in a business setting. Conventional occupations are often associated with office work, accounting, mathematics/statistics, information technology, finance, or human resources.
57
 
Artistic — Work involves creating original visual artwork, performances, written works, food, or music for a variety of media, or applying artistic principles to the design of various objects and materials. Artistic occupations are often associated with visual arts, applied arts and design, performing arts, music, creative writing, media, or culinary art.
42
 
Social — Work involves helping, teaching, advising, assisting, or providing service to others. Social occupations are often associated with social, health care, personal service, teaching/education, or religious activities.
36
 
Investigative — Work involves studying and researching non-living objects, living organisms, disease or other forms of impairment, or human behavior. Investigative occupations are often associated with physical, life, medical, or social sciences, and can be found in the fields of humanities, mathematics/statistics, information technology, or health care service.
15
 
Enterprising — Work involves managing, negotiating, marketing, or selling, typically in a business setting, or leading or advising people in political and legal situations. Enterprising occupations are often associated with business initiatives, sales, marketing/advertising, finance, management/administration, professional advising, public speaking, politics, or law.
15
 
Realistic — Work involves designing, building, or repairing of equipment, materials, or structures, engaging in physical activity, or working outdoors. Realistic occupations are often associated with engineering, mechanics and electronics, construction, woodworking, transportation, machine operation, agriculture, animal services, physical or manual labor, athletics, or protective services.

Work Styles Save Table: XLSX CSV

ImpactWork Style
92
 
Integrity — A tendency to be honest and ethical at work.
88
 
Attention to Detail — A tendency to be detail-oriented, organized, and thorough in completing work.
88
 
Dependability — A tendency to be reliable, responsible, and consistent in meeting work-related obligations.
67
 
Intellectual Curiosity — A tendency to seek out and acquire new work-related knowledge and obtain a deep understanding of work-related subjects.
66
 
Cautiousness — A tendency to be careful, deliberate, and risk-avoidant when making work-related decisions or doing work.
59
 
Self-Control — A tendency to remain calm and composed and to manage emotions effectively in response to criticism or difficult situations at work.
57
 
Sincerity — A tendency to be genuine and sincere in interactions with others at work, without concern for personal gain or self-interest.
53
 
Adaptability — A tendency to be open to and comfortable with change, new experiences, or ideas at work.
53
 
Tolerance for Ambiguity — A tendency to be comfortable with ambiguity and uncertainty at work.
51
 
Achievement Orientation — A tendency to establish and maintain personally challenging work-related goals, set high work-related standards, and exert high effort toward meeting those goals and standards.
49
 
Cooperation — A tendency to be pleasant, helpful, and willing to assist others at work.
49
 
Perseverance — A tendency to exhibit determination and resolve to perform or complete tasks in the face of difficult circumstances or obstacles at work.
49
 
Stress Tolerance — A tendency to cope and function effectively in stressful situations at work.
46
 
Social Orientation — A tendency to seek out, enjoy, and be energized by social interaction at work.
42
 
Empathy — A tendency to show concern for others and be sensitive to others' needs and feelings at work.
39
 
Self-Confidence — A tendency to believe in one's work-related capabilities and ability to control one's work-related outcomes.
29
 
Humility — A tendency to be modest and humble when interacting with others at work.
25
 
Initiative — A tendency to be proactive and take on extra responsibilities and tasks that may fall outside of one's required work role.
21
 
Innovation — A tendency to be inventive, to be imaginative, and to adopt new perspectives on ways to accomplish work.
15
 
Optimism — A tendency to exhibit a positive attitude and positive emotions at work, even under difficult circumstances.

Workforce Characteristics

Wages & Employment Trends

Median wages (2024)
$28.58 hourly, $59,440 annual
State wages
Local wages
Employment (2024)
75,300 employees
Projected growth (2024-2034)
Slower than average (1% to 2%)
Projected job openings (2024-2034)
6,900
State trends
Top industries (2024)

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2024 wage data and 2024-2034 employment projections . “Projected growth” represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2024-2034). “Projected job openings” represent openings due to growth and replacement.

Job Openings on the Web

State job openings
Local job openings

More Information

Professional Associations

Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.

National Associations
Regional Associations
Accreditation, Certification, & Unions