Updated 2020

Details Report for:
19-3093.00 - Historians

Research, analyze, record, and interpret the past as recorded in sources, such as government and institutional records, newspapers and other periodicals, photographs, interviews, films, electronic media, and unpublished manuscripts, such as personal diaries and letters.

Sample of reported job titles: County Historian, County Records Management Officer (County RMO), Historian, Historic Interpreter, Historic Sites Registrar, Historical Interpreter, Programs Director, Research Associate, Researcher

View report: Summary Details Custom

Tasks Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Importance	Category	Task
81	Core	Conserve and preserve manuscripts, records, and other artifacts.
78	Core	Gather historical data from sources such as archives, court records, diaries, news files, and photographs, as well as collect data sources such as books, pamphlets, and periodicals.
75	Core	Conduct historical research as a basis for the identification, conservation, and reconstruction of historic places and materials.
74	Core	Research and prepare manuscripts in support of public programming and the development of exhibits at historic sites, museums, libraries, and archives.
72	Core	Present historical accounts in terms of individuals or social, ethnic, political, economic, or geographic groupings.
72	Core	Organize data, and analyze and interpret its authenticity and relative significance.
71	Core	Research the history of a particular country or region, or of a specific time period.
71	Core	Conduct historical research, and publish or present findings and theories.
68	Core	Recommend actions related to historical art, such as which items to add to a collection or which items to display in an exhibit.
68	Core	Determine which topics to research, or pursue research topics specified by clients or employers.
67	Core	Speak to various groups, organizations, and clubs to promote the aims and activities of historical societies.
66	Core	Advise or consult with individuals and institutions regarding issues such as the historical authenticity of materials or the customs of a specific historical period.
66	Core	Prepare publications and exhibits, or review those prepared by others, to ensure their historical accuracy.
66	Core	Trace historical development in a particular field, such as social, cultural, political, or diplomatic history.
64	Core	Organize information for publication and for other means of dissemination, such as use in CD-ROMs or Internet sites.
64	Core	Interview people to gather information about historical events and to record oral histories.
62	Core	Collect detailed information on individuals for use in biographies.
66	Supplemental	Edit historical society publications.
61	Supplemental	Coordinate activities of workers engaged in cataloging and filing materials.
60	Supplemental	Translate or request translation of reference materials.
60	Supplemental	Teach and conduct research in colleges, universities, museums, and other research agencies and schools.

Find occupations related to multiple tasks

Technology Skills Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Analytical or scientific software — IBM SPSS Statistics ; Statistical analysis software
Data base management system software — Database management systems
Data base user interface and query software — Gutenberg-e; Reference management software; Structured query language SQL
Data mining software — Text mining software; TokenX
Desktop publishing software — Adobe Systems Adobe InDesign ; QuarkXPress
Document management software — Adobe Systems Adobe Acrobat ; Web Scrapbook
Electronic mail software — Email software
Enterprise application integration software — Extensible markup language XML
Graphics or photo imaging software — Adobe Systems Adobe Photoshop
Information retrieval or search software — Archival databases; ArchiveGrid; Searchable online catalogs; Smithsonian Institution digital archives (see all 11 examples)
Internet browser software — Page markers; Web browser software
Map creation software — Digital mapping software; Geographic information system GIS software
Music or sound editing software — Audio editing software
Office suite software — Microsoft Office
Optical character reader OCR or scanning software — Scanning software
Spreadsheet software — Microsoft Excel
Web page creation and editing software — Adobe Systems Adobe Dreamweaver
Word processing software — Corel WordPerfect; Microsoft Word

Hot Technology — a technology requirement frequently included in employer job postings.

Tools Used Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Assistive listening devices — Analog-to-digital converters
Digital cameras — Digital still cameras
Digital voice recorders — Digital audio recorders
Inkjet printers — Computer inkjet printers
Laser printers — Computer laser printers
Microfiche or microfilm viewers — Microfiche readers; Microfilm readers
Microphones
Notebook computers — Laptop computers
Personal computers
Photocopiers — Photocopying equipment
Scanners — Data input scanners

Knowledge Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Importance		Knowledge
87		History and Archeology — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.
83		English Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar.
63		Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.
54		Clerical — Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology.
53		Education and Training — Knowledge of principles and methods for curriculum and training design, teaching and instruction for individuals and groups, and the measurement of training effects.
53		Geography — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.
51		Sociology and Anthropology — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures and their history and origins.
50		Communications and Media — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.
47		Computers and Electronics — Knowledge of circuit boards, processors, chips, electronic equipment, and computer hardware and software, including applications and programming.
46		Fine Arts — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.
44		Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.
36		Philosophy and Theology — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.
34		Design — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.
34		Mathematics — Knowledge of arithmetic, algebra, geometry, calculus, statistics, and their applications.
33		Public Safety and Security — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.
33		Sales and Marketing — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.
30		Law and Government — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.
30		Psychology — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.
26		Economics and Accounting — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking and the analysis and reporting of financial data.
25		Production and Processing — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.
24		Building and Construction — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.
24		Foreign Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.
23		Mechanical — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.
23		Personnel and Human Resources — Knowledge of principles and procedures for personnel recruitment, selection, training, compensation and benefits, labor relations and negotiation, and personnel information systems.
22		Telecommunications — Knowledge of transmission, broadcasting, switching, control, and operation of telecommunications systems.
20		Transportation — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.
19		Chemistry — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.
18		Biology — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.
17		Engineering and Technology — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.
13		Medicine and Dentistry — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.
9		Physics — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub- atomic structures and processes.
7		Food Production — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.
6		Therapy and Counseling — Knowledge of principles, methods, and procedures for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of physical and mental dysfunctions, and for career counseling and guidance.

Skills Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Importance		Skill
94		Reading Comprehension — Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
78		Critical Thinking — Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.
75		Active Listening — Giving full attention to what other people are saying, taking time to understand the points being made, asking questions as appropriate, and not interrupting at inappropriate times.
75		Writing — Communicating effectively in writing as appropriate for the needs of the audience.
72		Speaking — Talking to others to convey information effectively.
69		Active Learning — Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
60		Social Perceptiveness — Being aware of others' reactions and understanding why they react as they do.
56		Instructing — Teaching others how to do something.
53		Complex Problem Solving — Identifying complex problems and reviewing related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions.
53		Judgment and Decision Making — Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
50		Coordination — Adjusting actions in relation to others' actions.
50		Learning Strategies — Selecting and using training/instructional methods and procedures appropriate for the situation when learning or teaching new things.
50		Monitoring — Monitoring/Assessing performance of yourself, other individuals, or organizations to make improvements or take corrective action.
47		Management of Personnel Resources — Motivating, developing, and directing people as they work, identifying the best people for the job.
47		Time Management — Managing one's own time and the time of others.
44		Persuasion — Persuading others to change their minds or behavior.
41		Science — Using scientific rules and methods to solve problems.
35		Service Orientation — Actively looking for ways to help people.
31		Negotiation — Bringing others together and trying to reconcile differences.
31		Systems Analysis — Determining how a system should work and how changes in conditions, operations, and the environment will affect outcomes.
31		Systems Evaluation — Identifying measures or indicators of system performance and the actions needed to improve or correct performance, relative to the goals of the system.
25		Operations Analysis — Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
19		Mathematics — Using mathematics to solve problems.
16		Management of Material Resources — Obtaining and seeing to the appropriate use of equipment, facilities, and materials needed to do certain work.
13		Management of Financial Resources — Determining how money will be spent to get the work done, and accounting for these expenditures.
13		Operation Monitoring — Watching gauges, dials, or other indicators to make sure a machine is working properly.
10		Quality Control Analysis — Conducting tests and inspections of products, services, or processes to evaluate quality or performance.
10		Technology Design — Generating or adapting equipment and technology to serve user needs.
6		Programming — Writing computer programs for various purposes.
0		Equipment Maintenance — Performing routine maintenance on equipment and determining when and what kind of maintenance is needed.
0		Equipment Selection — Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
0		Installation — Installing equipment, machines, wiring, or programs to meet specifications.
0		Operation and Control — Controlling operations of equipment or systems.
0		Repairing — Repairing machines or systems using the needed tools.
0		Troubleshooting — Determining causes of operating errors and deciding what to do about it.

Abilities Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Importance		Ability
94		Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.
81		Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.
75		Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.
75		Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.
72		Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).
69		Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).
69		Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.
66		Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.
63		Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.
60		Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).
60		Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.
56		Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.
53		Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).
50		Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.
50		Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.
35		Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance.
35		Flexibility of Closure — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.
31		Memorization — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.
28		Auditory Attention — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.
28		Perceptual Speed — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.
28		Time Sharing — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).
25		Mathematical Reasoning — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.
25		Speed of Closure — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.
25		Trunk Strength — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without 'giving out' or fatiguing.
25		Visual Color Discrimination — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.
25		Visualization — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.
22		Manual Dexterity — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.
19		Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.
16		Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.
16		Number Facility — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.
13		Arm-Hand Steadiness — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.
13		Dynamic Strength — The ability to exert muscle force repeatedly or continuously over time. This involves muscular endurance and resistance to muscle fatigue.
13		Finger Dexterity — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.
13		Stamina — The ability to exert yourself physically over long periods of time without getting winded or out of breath.
13		Wrist-Finger Speed — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.
10		Extent Flexibility — The ability to bend, stretch, twist, or reach with your body, arms, and/or legs.
10		Gross Body Coordination — The ability to coordinate the movement of your arms, legs, and torso together when the whole body is in motion.
10		Hearing Sensitivity — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.
10		Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.
6		Glare Sensitivity — The ability to see objects in the presence of glare or bright lighting.
3		Speed of Limb Movement — The ability to quickly move the arms and legs.
0		Dynamic Flexibility — The ability to quickly and repeatedly bend, stretch, twist, or reach out with your body, arms, and/or legs.
0		Explosive Strength — The ability to use short bursts of muscle force to propel oneself (as in jumping or sprinting), or to throw an object.
0		Gross Body Equilibrium — The ability to keep or regain your body balance or stay upright when in an unstable position.
0		Night Vision — The ability to see under low light conditions.
0		Peripheral Vision — The ability to see objects or movement of objects to one's side when the eyes are looking ahead.
0		Rate Control — The ability to time your movements or the movement of a piece of equipment in anticipation of changes in the speed and/or direction of a moving object or scene.
0		Reaction Time — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.
0		Response Orientation — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.
0		Sound Localization — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.
0		Spatial Orientation — The ability to know your location in relation to the environment or to know where other objects are in relation to you.
0		Static Strength — The ability to exert maximum muscle force to lift, push, pull, or carry objects.

Work Activities Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Importance		Work Activity
91		Getting Information — Observing, receiving, and otherwise obtaining information from all relevant sources.
86		Interpreting the Meaning of Information for Others — Translating or explaining what information means and how it can be used.
84		Thinking Creatively — Developing, designing, or creating new applications, ideas, relationships, systems, or products, including artistic contributions.
83		Documenting/Recording Information — Entering, transcribing, recording, storing, or maintaining information in written or electronic/magnetic form.
81		Identifying Objects, Actions, and Events — Identifying information by categorizing, estimating, recognizing differences or similarities, and detecting changes in circumstances or events.
80		Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.
80		Processing Information — Compiling, coding, categorizing, calculating, tabulating, auditing, or verifying information or data.
78		Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.
76		Establishing and Maintaining Interpersonal Relationships — Developing constructive and cooperative working relationships with others, and maintaining them over time.
75		Interacting With Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.
74		Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.
73		Analyzing Data or Information — Identifying the underlying principles, reasons, or facts of information by breaking down information or data into separate parts.
71		Communicating with Persons Outside Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.
71		Organizing, Planning, and Prioritizing Work — Developing specific goals and plans to prioritize, organize, and accomplish your work.
67		Communicating with Supervisors, Peers, or Subordinates — Providing information to supervisors, co-workers, and subordinates by telephone, in written form, e-mail, or in person.
65		Developing Objectives and Strategies — Establishing long-range objectives and specifying the strategies and actions to achieve them.
62		Judging the Qualities of Things, Services, or People — Assessing the value, importance, or quality of things or people.
56		Provide Consultation and Advice to Others — Providing guidance and expert advice to management or other groups on technical, systems-, or process-related topics.
55		Performing Administrative Activities — Performing day-to-day administrative tasks such as maintaining information files and processing paperwork.
53		Scheduling Work and Activities — Scheduling events, programs, and activities, as well as the work of others.
52		Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.
51		Coaching and Developing Others — Identifying the developmental needs of others and coaching, mentoring, or otherwise helping others to improve their knowledge or skills.
50		Monitoring and Controlling Resources — Monitoring and controlling resources and overseeing the spending of money.
48		Coordinating the Work and Activities of Others — Getting members of a group to work together to accomplish tasks.
46		Monitor Processes, Materials, or Surroundings — Monitoring and reviewing information from materials, events, or the environment, to detect or assess problems.
46		Training and Teaching Others — Identifying the educational needs of others, developing formal educational or training programs or classes, and teaching or instructing others.
44		Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.
42		Developing and Building Teams — Encouraging and building mutual trust, respect, and cooperation among team members.
38		Selling or Influencing Others — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.
37		Resolving Conflicts and Negotiating with Others — Handling complaints, settling disputes, and resolving grievances and conflicts, or otherwise negotiating with others.
34		Handling and Moving Objects — Using hands and arms in handling, installing, positioning, and moving materials, and manipulating things.
34		Performing General Physical Activities — Performing physical activities that require considerable use of your arms and legs and moving your whole body, such as climbing, lifting, balancing, walking, stooping, and handling of materials.
31		Guiding, Directing, and Motivating Subordinates — Providing guidance and direction to subordinates, including setting performance standards and monitoring performance.
30		Staffing Organizational Units — Recruiting, interviewing, selecting, hiring, and promoting employees in an organization.
29		Assisting and Caring for Others — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.
28		Inspecting Equipment, Structures, or Material — Inspecting equipment, structures, or materials to identify the cause of errors or other problems or defects.
21		Repairing and Maintaining Electronic Equipment — Servicing, repairing, calibrating, regulating, fine-tuning, or testing machines, devices, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of electrical or electronic (not mechanical) principles.
18		Controlling Machines and Processes — Using either control mechanisms or direct physical activity to operate machines or processes (not including computers or vehicles).
10		Drafting, Laying Out, and Specifying Technical Devices, Parts, and Equipment — Providing documentation, detailed instructions, drawings, or specifications to tell others about how devices, parts, equipment, or structures are to be fabricated, constructed, assembled, modified, maintained, or used.
10		Repairing and Maintaining Mechanical Equipment — Servicing, repairing, adjusting, and testing machines, devices, moving parts, and equipment that operate primarily on the basis of mechanical (not electronic) principles.
8		Operating Vehicles, Mechanized Devices, or Equipment — Running, maneuvering, navigating, or driving vehicles or mechanized equipment, such as forklifts, passenger vehicles, aircraft, or water craft.

Detailed Work Activities Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Prepare materials for preservation, storage, or display.
Collect archival data.
Conduct historical research.
Prepare scientific or technical reports or presentations.
Collect information from people through observation, interviews, or surveys.
Instruct college students in social sciences or humanities disciplines.

Find occupations related to multiple detailed work activities

Work Context Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Work Context

Percentage of Top Responses

Freedom to Make Decisions — How much decision making freedom, without supervision, does the job offer?

See more occupations related to this work context.


56	A lot of freedom
44	Some freedom

Face-to-Face Discussions — How often do you have to have face-to-face discussions with individuals or teams in this job?


56	Every day
41	Once a week or more but not every day

Structured versus Unstructured Work — To what extent is this job structured for the worker, rather than allowing the worker to determine tasks, priorities, and goals?


63	A lot of freedom
27	Some freedom

Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in environmentally controlled conditions?


73	Every day
11	Once a year or more but not every month

Telephone — How often do you have telephone conversations in this job?


42	Every day
45	Once a week or more but not every day
12	Once a month or more but not every week

Electronic Mail — How often do you use electronic mail in this job?


38	Every day
50	Once a week or more but not every day
12	Once a month or more but not every week

Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — How important is being very exact or highly accurate in performing this job?


29	Very important
16	Important

Work With Work Group or Team — How important is it to work with others in a group or team in this job?


31	Extremely important
58	Very important

Contact With Others — How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) in order to perform it?


41	Constant contact with others
37	Contact with others most of the time
20	Contact with others about half the time

Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — What results do your decisions usually have on other people or the image or reputation or financial resources of your employer?


24	Very important results
23	Moderate results

Spend Time Sitting — How much does this job require sitting?


46	Continually or almost continually
47	About half the time

Deal With External Customers — How important is it to work with external customers or the public in this job?


39	Extremely important
19	Very important
30	Important
12	Fairly important

Coordinate or Lead Others — How important is it to coordinate or lead others in accomplishing work activities in this job?


35	Important

Frequency of Decision Making — How frequently is the worker required to make decisions that affect other people, the financial resources, and/or the image and reputation of the organization?


36	Once a week or more but not every day
57	Once a month or more but not every week

Physical Proximity — To what extent does this job require the worker to perform job tasks in close physical proximity to other people?


24	Moderately close (at arm's length)
56	Slightly close (e.g., shared office)

Importance of Repeating Same Tasks — How important is repeating the same physical activities (e.g., key entry) or mental activities (e.g., checking entries in a ledger) over and over, without stopping, to performing this job?


20	Extremely important
32	Very important
40	Fairly important

Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions — How much does this job require making repetitive motions?


28	Continually or almost continually
19	More than half the time
21	Less than half the time
25	Never

Frequency of Conflict Situations — How often are there conflict situations the employee has to face in this job?


31	Once a week or more but not every day
28	Once a month or more but not every week
39	Once a year or more but not every month

Letters and Memos — How often does the job require written letters and memos?


31	Once a week or more but not every day
21	Once a month or more but not every week
47	Once a year or more but not every month

Public Speaking — How often do you have to perform public speaking in this job?


11	Every day
28	Once a month or more but not every week
28	Once a year or more but not every month
14	Never

Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in non-controlled environmental conditions (e.g., warehouse without heat)?


29	Once a week or more but not every day
19	Once a month or more but not every week
25	Once a year or more but not every month
20	Never

Time Pressure — How often does this job require the worker to meet strict deadlines?


23	Once a week or more but not every day
33	Once a month or more but not every week
37	Once a year or more but not every month

Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers?


45	Moderate responsibility
20	Limited responsibility

Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — How much does this job require using your hands to handle, control, or feel objects, tools or controls?


25	Continually or almost continually
12	More than half the time
32	Less than half the time
31	Never

Spend Time Standing — How much does this job require standing?


47	About half the time
53	Less than half the time

Outdoors, Exposed to Weather — How often does this job require working outdoors, exposed to all weather conditions?


11	Once a week or more but not every day
52	Once a year or more but not every month
19	Never

Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — How frequently does the worker have to deal with unpleasant, angry, or discourteous individuals as part of the job requirements?


11	Once a week or more but not every day
64	Once a year or more but not every month
15	Never

Level of Competition — To what extent does this job require the worker to compete or to be aware of competitive pressures?


29	Highly competitive
12	Slightly competitive

Work Schedules — How regular are the work schedules for this job?


41	Irregular (changes with weather conditions, production demands, or contract duration)
53	Regular (established routine, set schedule)

Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting — How often does this job require working in extremely bright or inadequate lighting conditions?

Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — How much responsibility is there for the health and safety of others in this job?


29	Moderate responsibility
17	Limited responsibility
45	No responsibility

Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions — How often does this job require working in cramped work spaces that requires getting into awkward positions?


14	Once a week or more but not every day
15	Once a year or more but not every month
52	Never

Duration of Typical Work Week — Number of hours typically worked in one week.


26	40 hours
64	Less than 40 hours

Outdoors, Under Cover — How often does this job require working outdoors, under cover (e.g., structure with roof but no walls)?


11	Once a week or more but not every day
59	Once a year or more but not every month
30	Never

Exposed to Contaminants — How often does this job require working exposed to contaminants (such as pollutants, gases, dust or odors)?


11	Once a week or more but not every day
11	Once a year or more but not every month
59	Never

Very Hot or Cold Temperatures — How often does this job require working in very hot (above 90 F degrees) or very cold (below 32 F degrees) temperatures?


11	Once a week or more but not every day
49	Once a year or more but not every month
40	Never

Degree of Automation — How automated is the job?


40	Slightly automated
46	Not at all automated

In an Enclosed Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in a closed vehicle or equipment (e.g., car)?


14	Once a year or more but not every month
66	Never

Spend Time Walking and Running — How much does this job require walking and running?


19	About half the time
30	Less than half the time
50	Never

Consequence of Error — How serious would the result usually be if the worker made a mistake that was not readily correctable?


23	Serious
22	Fairly serious
55	Not serious at all

Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings — How often does this job require exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites, or stings?

Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — How often does this job require working exposed to sounds and noise levels that are distracting or uncomfortable?


11	Once a week or more but not every day
31	Once a year or more but not every month

Spend Time Bending or Twisting the Body — How much does this job require bending or twisting your body?


45	Never

Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling — How much does this job require kneeling, crouching, stooping or crawling?


37	Less than half the time
63	Never

Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous equipment?


33	Once a year or more but not every month
67	Never

Exposed to Disease or Infections — How often does this job require exposure to disease/infections?


29	Once a year or more but not every month
71	Never

Exposed to Hazardous Conditions — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous conditions?

In an Open Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in an open vehicle or equipment (e.g., tractor)?

Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles — How much does this job require climbing ladders, scaffolds, or poles?


19	Less than half the time
81	Never

Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance — How much does this job require keeping or regaining your balance?


11	Less than half the time
89	Never

Exposed to High Places — How often does this job require exposure to high places?


91	Never

Deal With Physically Aggressive People — How frequently does this job require the worker to deal with physical aggression of violent individuals?


100	Never

Exposed to Radiation — How often does this job require exposure to radiation?


100	Never

Exposed to Whole Body Vibration — How often does this job require exposure to whole body vibration (e.g., operate a jackhammer)?


100	Never

Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment — How important is it to this job that the pace is determined by the speed of equipment or machinery? (This does not refer to keeping busy at all times on this job.)


100	Not important at all

Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — How much does this job require wearing common protective or safety equipment such as safety shoes, glasses, gloves, hard hats or life jackets?


100	Never

Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection — How much does this job require wearing specialized protective or safety equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness, full protection suits, or radiation protection?


100	Never

Job Zone Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Title	Job Zone Five: Extensive Preparation Needed
Education	Most of these occupations require graduate school. For example, they may require a master's degree, and some require a Ph.D., M.D., or J.D. (law degree).
Related Experience	Extensive skill, knowledge, and experience are needed for these occupations. Many require more than five years of experience. For example, surgeons must complete four years of college and an additional five to seven years of specialized medical training to be able to do their job.
Job Training	Employees may need some on-the-job training, but most of these occupations assume that the person will already have the required skills, knowledge, work-related experience, and/or training.
Job Zone Examples	These occupations often involve coordinating, training, supervising, or managing the activities of others to accomplish goals. Very advanced communication and organizational skills are required. Examples include pharmacists, lawyers, astronomers, biologists, clergy, neurologists, and veterinarians.
SVP Range	(8.0 and above)

Education

Percentage of Respondents	Education Level Required
24	Master's degree
20	Bachelor's degree
18	Some college, no degree

Credentials

Interests Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Occupational Interest		Interest
95		Investigative — Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.
33		Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.
28		Artistic — Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules.
28		Enterprising — Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business.
28		Social — Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others.
0		Realistic — Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.

Work Styles Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Importance		Work Style
88		Integrity — Job requires being honest and ethical.
87		Cooperation — Job requires being pleasant with others on the job and displaying a good-natured, cooperative attitude.
78		Attention to Detail — Job requires being careful about detail and thorough in completing work tasks.
77		Concern for Others — Job requires being sensitive to others' needs and feelings and being understanding and helpful on the job.
77		Dependability — Job requires being reliable, responsible, and dependable, and fulfilling obligations.
73		Adaptability/Flexibility — Job requires being open to change (positive or negative) and to considerable variety in the workplace.
73		Initiative — Job requires a willingness to take on responsibilities and challenges.
73		Social Orientation — Job requires preferring to work with others rather than alone, and being personally connected with others on the job.
72		Self Control — Job requires maintaining composure, keeping emotions in check, controlling anger, and avoiding aggressive behavior, even in very difficult situations.
70		Independence — Job requires developing one's own ways of doing things, guiding oneself with little or no supervision, and depending on oneself to get things done.
64		Leadership — Job requires a willingness to lead, take charge, and offer opinions and direction.
63		Analytical Thinking — Job requires analyzing information and using logic to address work-related issues and problems.
62		Innovation — Job requires creativity and alternative thinking to develop new ideas for and answers to work-related problems.
60		Persistence — Job requires persistence in the face of obstacles.
57		Achievement/Effort — Job requires establishing and maintaining personally challenging achievement goals and exerting effort toward mastering tasks.
55		Stress Tolerance — Job requires accepting criticism and dealing calmly and effectively with high stress situations.

Work Values Save Table (XLS/CSV)

Extent		Work Value
67		Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.
67		Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.
67		Recognition — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social Status.
67		Relationships — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service.
58		Working Conditions — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.
33		Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.

Related Occupations Save Table (XLS/CSV)

19-3092.00	Geographers
19-3094.00	Political Scientists
25-1062.00	Area, Ethnic, and Cultural Studies Teachers, Postsecondary
25-1064.00	Geography Teachers, Postsecondary
25-1126.00	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary
25-1191.00	Graduate Teaching Assistants
25-4011.00	Archivists Bright Outlook
25-4021.00	Librarians
27-3021.00	Broadcast News Analysts
27-3022.00	Reporters and Correspondents Green

Wages & Employment Trends

Median wages (2019)	$30.62 hourly, $63,680 annual
State wages
Local wages	ZIP Code:

Employment (2018)	3,300 employees
Projected growth (2018-2028)	Average (4% to 6%)
Projected job openings (2018-2028)	400
State trends

Top industries (2018)	Government (59% employed in this sector) Professional, Scientific, and Technical Services (18%) (see all industries)

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics 2019 wage data and 2018-2028 employment projections . "Projected growth" represents the estimated change in total employment over the projections period (2018-2028). "Projected job openings" represent openings due to growth and replacement.

Job Openings on the Web

Sources of Additional Information

Disclaimer: Sources are listed to provide additional information on related jobs, specialties, and/or industries. Links to non-DOL Internet sites are provided for your convenience and do not constitute an endorsement.